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														2015/09/05</span><span>|</span><span class="red"><i class="fa fa-eye"
                                                            aria-hidden="true"></i>&nbsp;阅读次数：2174</span><div class="clear"></div></div><div class="new_detail15_editor"><p style="TEXT-INDENT: 2em; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体"> 东北经济增长放缓，固然有国际市场低迷、国内&ldquo;三期叠加&rdquo;等客观因素影响，但其主要原因恐怕还是改革步履迟缓、多年积累的体制机制矛盾集中爆发的结果。前不久，习近平总书记在吉林调研时强调，坚决破除体制机制障碍，形成一个同市场完全对接、充满内在活力的体制机制，是推动东北老工业基地振兴的治本之策。</p><p style="TEXT-INDENT: 2em; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体"><strong>政府放手 激活市场</strong><span id="1441503778975E" style="DISPLAY: none"></span></p><p style="TEXT-INDENT: 2em; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体"> 在采访中，不少企业代表&ldquo;吐槽&rdquo;：当前东北产业结构调整和优化的主体名义上是企业，但地方政府作为国有资产的管理者，常常成为事实上的结构调整主体。出于政绩导向，地方政府习惯于插手企业微观管理，东北给外界的印象是&ldquo;政府主导的市场，不是企业家的市场&rdquo;。结果就出现了一些见怪不怪的现象：许多本来不该由政府干的事，政府抓得紧紧的；而有些本来该由政府干的事，政府又由于没有精力和财力，干得不够或是没有干。所以，有企业家说：&ldquo;东北大地缺乏市场基因。&rdquo;</p><p style="TEXT-INDENT: 2em; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体"> 其实，政府强势是现代经济社会成功治理的必要条件之一。不过，这种强势应是在尊重市场规律的基础上，通过法律法规在维护市场秩序、保障公平正义、提供公共服务等方面，具有较强的治理能力；而不是凌驾于市场之上充当&ldquo;全职管家&rdquo;。</p><p style="TEXT-INDENT: 2em; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体"> 东北一些民营企业代表还反映，尽管政府是真心想助力民营企业做大做强，但行政审批手续繁琐，管理部门服务意识不到位，常常是&ldquo;好心没办成好事&rdquo;。比如，一些由政府财政出资支持民营企业自主创新的项目，企业要花大量精力准备申报材料，而在事后验收时，受资助企业还要花费更多成本完成验收手续。&ldquo;繁琐的程序直接打击了真正想创新发展企业的申报积极性，反而更容易筛选出以拉关系、搞公关为主的非创新型企业。&rdquo;</p><p style="TEXT-INDENT: 2em; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体"> &ldquo;东北地区是中国最早进入计划经济体制的，也是最晚退出的，而且至今仍然没有完全退出。所以，相信市场比政府高明、真正发挥市场在资源配置中的基础性作用，是东北地区急需破解的课题。&rdquo;辽宁省社科院副院长梁启东在接受采访时直言不讳，&ldquo;振兴老工业基地首先必须加强体制机制创新，消除体制性障碍，特别是要加快政府自身改革，更好地进行角色定位，划清政府与市场的边界，改变重政府、轻市场，重审批、轻服务的传统&rdquo;。</p><p style="TEXT-INDENT: 2em; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体"> &ldquo;政府施政、行政的要义在于以为民敬民之心，行简政勤政之道。政府要勇于自我革命，切实转变职能，简政要简到位，放权要放到底，集中力量把该管的管好，着力优化营商环境。&rdquo;辽宁省委书记李希说。7月14日，《省政府工作部门权责清单》向社会公布，明确了1928项行政职权，与2011年相比，精简了2/3；工程项目审批时限由275个工作日压缩到40个工作日；在全国率先实行工商、税务、质监&ldquo;三证合一&rdquo;；以改革打造大众创业万众创新的新引擎。</p><p style="TEXT-INDENT: 2em; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体"> &ldquo;提高市场化程度，激发市场主体活力，必须简政放权、优化营商环境。&rdquo;吉林省省长蒋超良介绍，目前全省行政审批项目已由592项减少到234项，今年预计还能减少15%。同时，商事制度改革也在加快推进，力争年内在全省范围内实现&ldquo;三证合一&rdquo;，以促进小微企业和民营经济发展。</p><p style="TEXT-INDENT: 2em; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体"> &ldquo;加快推进简政放权、放管结合改革，推行权力清单、责任清单、负面清单。&rdquo;黑龙江省委书记王宪魁表示，对于已下放的权力，省直有关部门要加强对基层的指导和事中事后监管，避免基层出现接不住、用不好甚至是不作为、乱作为问题。</p><p style="TEXT-INDENT: 2em; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体"> 不回避问题，才能促进问题的解决。&ldquo;像习近平总书记说的那样，从放活市场中找办法、找台阶、找出路。&rdquo;东北人说，&ldquo;虽然起步较晚，但今天我们已经上路。&rdquo;</p><p style="TEXT-INDENT: 2em; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体"><strong>让国企在市场中游泳</strong><span id="1441503782952E" style="DISPLAY: none"></span></p><p style="TEXT-INDENT: 2em; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体"> 其实，东北地区政府的强势地位是有其社会历史背景的，这就是国有经济比重过高。</p><p style="TEXT-INDENT: 2em; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体"> 国有经济占比过高，就使得政府必然动用指令性手段去配置资源；而且东北地区产业工人的&ldquo;国企情怀&rdquo;很强烈，常常迫使政府不得不全面去&ldquo;包管&rdquo;吃喝拉撒睡。因此，黑龙江省科顾委主任陈永昌认为，国有企业改革，这是东北绕不过去的最核心环节。</p><p style="TEXT-INDENT: 2em; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体"> 在3年国企改革攻关、10年东北振兴中，一些老国企壮士断腕、轻装上阵，迅速焕发了市场竞争力。&ldquo;尽管近年国内装备制造业景气下滑，但大连重工起重今年一季度的营业收入比上年同期增长37%，利润增长65%，已签订在手合同近80亿元；从服务国内为主转向国外，去年出口占总销售的30%以上。&rdquo;大连重工起重集团党委副书记田长军说，这主要得益于公司在10年前就着眼于建立现代企业制度建设，下大决心减员增效，剥离历史包袱，并通过共同持股形成利益共同体。</p><p style="TEXT-INDENT: 2em; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体"> 不过，不是所有国企都像大连重工起重那样。不少国企&ldquo;路径依赖&rdquo;强烈，在经济高涨时热衷于铺摊子、上项目，忽略内部体制机制改革，至今历史包袱沉重；而且&ldquo;寄生&rdquo;于政府身上，&ldquo;一帮就好、一放就差&rdquo;。</p><p style="TEXT-INDENT: 2em; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体"> 黑龙江省龙煤集团是11年前重组鸡西、鹤岗、双鸭山、七台河等&ldquo;四大煤城&rdquo;而成，如今亏损严重，去年省政府安排30亿元缓解其流动资金困难。企业有职工23万人、离退休人员19.5万人、大集体职工13.8万人、工伤残人员3.9万人；虽然学校和公安已经移交社会，但还有医院、文工团、报社、电台等，公司预计今年减员8万人。&ldquo;龙煤的问题还是出在体制机制上。你说它是企业吧，光管理机关就有3000多人；你说它是机关吧，它又要面向市场竞争。当初煤价高、日子好过时，没抓住机遇改革；现在煤炭量价齐跌，矛盾一下就暴露出来了。&rdquo;陈永昌说，在黑龙江，农垦和森工系统都存在类似的问题，116个农场上面有9个农管局，农管局上面还有农垦总局。&ldquo;作为一个企业，层级太多，养人成本必然高，最后就都成了&lsquo;拼爹&rsquo;经济了！&rdquo;像龙煤这样连年亏损的企业，在东三省为数不少。</p><p style="TEXT-INDENT: 2em; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体"> 在辽宁，现在仍有厂办大集体企业4700多户，在册职工84.8万人、离退休人员28.7万人；现有一级国有壳企业（已经没有任何实体生产）479户，在册职工5.9万人、离退休人员12.7万人。要消化这么沉重的历史包袱，需要付出多大的代价！</p><p style="TEXT-INDENT: 2em; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体"> 不过，东北地区的一些国企正努力主动适应市场，转变经营机制，力图拼出一条&ldquo;血路&rdquo;。哈飞汽车曾经大名鼎鼎，但近年经营状况恶化，每年亏损几亿元，企业发不出工资；后经省政府主要领导出面协调，经过多次艰辛的谈判，他们在新工业园区与长安福特合资建造了新的轿车生产线，预计每年为长安福特生产轿车40万辆，可接纳哈飞汽车2300名员工。企业有了起死回生的好苗头，公司总经理刘正均说，&ldquo;我当总经理3年没见过钱，上个月终于&lsquo;开壶&rsquo;了；尽管很少，但毕竟有了现金流啦。明年夏天我们将达标生产，日子就更好过了&rdquo;。</p><p style="TEXT-INDENT: 2em; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体"><strong>创新&ldquo;央地&rdquo;对接新机制</strong><span id="1441503786310E" style="DISPLAY: none"></span></p><p style="TEXT-INDENT: 2em; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体"> 在吉林采访时，正赶上&ldquo;央企走进吉林&rdquo;活动。此次活动共有61家央企与吉林省签订了156个合作项目，资金总额1668亿元；而且地方政府将接受央企分离移交的&ldquo;三供一业&rdquo;（供水、供热、供电、物业）。</p><p style="TEXT-INDENT: 2em; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体"> 目前，央企成为各地政府的&ldquo;香饽饽&rdquo;，地方政府官员们使出浑身解数去拉央企投资，去年辽宁也开展过声势浩大的央企辽宁行。因为央企投资都是大项目，不仅能够在短期内稳增长，而且将持续带来巨额的产值和税收。</p><p style="TEXT-INDENT: 2em; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体"> 由于是传统的老工业基地，尽管前些年曾下放一批给地方，但东北的央企依然数量众多。光辽宁省就有央企各级企业1751户；在吉林，2013年央企销售收入占全省规模以上工业主营收入的90%多；在黑龙江，央企占全省规模以上工业比重也在60%以上。不光数量多，而且块头大，并在关键行业掌握绝对的资源。在东北三省的国有企业中，央企发挥着绝对的主力军作用，为地方经济社会发展作着不可估量的贡献。</p><p style="TEXT-INDENT: 2em; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体"> 不过，硬币还有另一面。</p><p style="TEXT-INDENT: 2em; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体"> 根据中国的国情，区域经济发展主要应由省级政府来调控和协调；但央企的人财物是独立运行的，并且着眼于全国进行产业布局，这是省级政府很难&ldquo;插手&rdquo;的。黑龙江省就抱怨，我们是产油大省，但炼油能力都在外省，我们只是输出原料；辽宁省则认为，我们是炼油大省，但炼油能力与乙烯生产能力是60∶1，没有深加工的话语权。这是一个&ldquo;条条&rdquo;与&ldquo;块块&rdquo;博弈的老话题。</p><p style="TEXT-INDENT: 2em; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体"> 而且，东北地区的央企大都属于重化工业，央企加大投资固然是求之不得的大好事，但越是上大项目，当地的产业结构就越加偏于重化工业，形成一种特殊的&ldquo;路径依赖&rdquo;。而央企一旦出现亏损，不仅拉动地方经济总量下滑，还少了一大块难以填补的税收窟窿&hellip;&hellip;</p><p style="TEXT-INDENT: 2em; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体"> 央企如何与地方经济更好地融合，是一个分量不轻的课题。所以，去年8月的《国务院关于近期支持东北振兴若干重大政策举措的意见》要求：&ldquo;通过股权多元化等方式整合中央企业在东北地区的资源&hellip;&hellip;研究中央企业和地方协调发展政策&rdquo;。</p><p style="TEXT-INDENT: 2em; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体"> 现在，东北三省正努力与央企全面融合，并积极提供各种服务。吉林省工信厅副厅长孙达维告诉记者，此前一汽集团与同省的吉化集团并无业务往来，但经省工信厅协调，在橡胶轮胎原料上实现了&ldquo;采需衔接&rdquo;。&ldquo;不过，协调也要坚持市场化机制，否则不一定成。&rdquo;他补充道。</p><p style="TEXT-INDENT: 2em; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体"> &ldquo;目前在辽宁央企涉及航空、船舶、石化、冶金等多个领域，我们30%的省属国企实现了与央企的联合重组。&rdquo;辽宁省发改委副主任于飞介绍，一是创造条件，通过股权多元化等方式整合央企在辽宁的资源；二是建立央企与地方共享机制，共建产业园区；此外，还要加快实施军民融合发展工程。</p><p style="TEXT-INDENT: 2em; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体"> （本文章摘自9月5日《经济日报》）</p></div></div><div class="cases_detail2_prev"><ul><li class="news_prev">上一篇：<a href="/new_detail/nid/18310.html" onfocus="blur()">瞭望：价值力、竞争力、控制力——用“三个有利于”推动国企改革</a></li><li class="news_next">下一篇：<a href="/new_detail/nid/18307.html" onfocus="blur()">张毅出席山西省-中央企业合作发展座谈会暨签约仪式</a></li><div class="clear"></div></ul></div></div></div></div><div style="clear:both"></div></div></div><section><div class="container"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-12"></div></div></div></section><script>    window.oneallInternalLinkTemplate = {
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