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														2012/11/21</span><span>|</span><span class="red"><i class="fa fa-eye"
                                                            aria-hidden="true"></i>&nbsp;阅读次数：2190</span><div class="clear"></div></div><div class="new_detail15_editor"><p>　　<strong>一、关于市场化问题</strong><br /><br /> 　　微观经济学理论的主要内容是厂商理论，其核心就是市场与价格，这也是每个企业必须面对的两个根本问题。微观经济学理论指出，市场在资源配置中起基础性作用。在开放的市场中，以市场需求为导向，以竞争的优胜劣汰为手段，才能实现资源充分合理配置，才能实现效率最大化。基于此，有部分学者认为，国企也应实现完全的市场化。<br /><br /> 　　对于这种观点，我个人有不同看法。微观经济学的观点本身无可厚非，但其&ldquo;厂商&rdquo;仅仅是以利润最大化或成本最小化为目标的个体或组织，从性质上而言，不同于我国的国企。因此，国企市场化改革不能一刀切，尤其是对于涉及公共服务等领域的国企，可能无法实现市场化。这些企业提供的产品，是如公共选择学派创始人布坎南所说的&ldquo;公共产品&rdquo;，涵盖教育、医疗、社会保障、公共福利、国防等领域，相对于&ldquo;私人产品&rdquo;而言，公共产品具有非竞争性、非排他性的特征，一般多由公共部门生产或提供。&ldquo;公共产品&rdquo;的提供当以社会福利最大化为基准，而&ldquo;私人产品&rdquo;的供应可以市场化为衡量目标。<br /><br /> 　　与布坎南的这一理论相一致，本人赞同把国企分为竞争型国企和公益型国企。对于竞争型国企，应坚持走市场化道路。对于公益型企业，可一定程度视为事业单位，不一定强求绝对市场化。我个人的观点是，有条件能成为竞争型国企的应尽量创造条件促进其顺利转型，转型后按竞争型国企对待，减少政府补贴；无条件转型的则保留其公益型国企性质，按照非市场化的模式运营。<br /><br /> 　　需要特别指出的是，对这两类国企一定要采取不同的指标体系进行考核。对竞争型国企，可以参照上市公司的一系列财务指标以及体现国家这一股东意志的一些指标进行考核。对公益型国企则应侧重考核其成本、费用、服务质量、产品质量等指标，促进其降低成本，提升服务，实现社会福利最大化。<br /><br /> 　　<strong>二、关于资产证券化问题</strong><br /><br /> 　　近年来，越来越多的国企意识到资本市场的重要性，但对资本市场的利用程度和效果在国企间差距很大，跟西方成熟的企业或我国部分优秀的民企相比，差距就更大了。这种差距主要体现在两个方面：一是融资的渠道单一。当前我国仍有一部分国企仅仅停留在依靠银行贷款进行融资的阶段，甚至有极个别国企以不负债、不借钱为荣，几乎不进行任何融资活动。差距的第二个方面主要体现在国有企业的海外收购兼并活动上，目前基本都是通过最传统的现金购买这一模式，资金成本很高。结合我国内陆与香港证交所的实际来看， H股、红筹股公司应该在非现金收购方面有作为的空间，可以通过资产的证券化获得项目收购并购的资金支持。<br /><br /> 　　国有资产证券化的好处是很明显的，一是提高资产的流动性、透明性，从而使资产易变现、易交易、易监管、易考核；二是有助于现代企业制度的建立与功能的发挥。但与国企市场化问题一样，资产证券化也不能搞一刀切。竞争型国企的证券化应视企业的发展而定，如果不具备条件，提前证券化有时也可能造成巨额损失。按照微观经济学的观点，企业的发展阶段可分为产生、成长、成熟以及衰退四个阶段，根据这四个阶段的不同特征，买卖公司的时机选择十分重要。比如出售公司（或部分股份）应当在公司盈利状况最佳或接近最佳的时候出手，正如&ldquo;姑娘要在最美的时候出嫁&rdquo;一样。除产业周期影响外，资源型公司受大宗商品价格起伏的影响较大，证券化时机的选择尤为重要。以石油公司为例，相同资产在2007&mdash;2008年高油价期间出售股份要比1999&mdash;2000年低油价时期值钱得多。综合来讲，对于竞争型国企，资产证券化要把握时机，结合企业自身发展需要，综合考虑产业周期、价格走势、证券市场的窗口等诸多因素，择机进行。此外，要避免某些国企一上市就完事，几年甚至十几年都不进行二次融资或运作，而每年白白花掉大量费用维护其上市地位。对于公益型国企，则不强求资产证券化。<br /><br /> 　<strong>　三、关于国企分红问题</strong><br /><br /> 　　一段时间以来，大家十分关注国企分红这一话题，争论的焦点主要有三个，一是国有企业该不该分红；二是应该何时分红；三是分红的比例该是多少。我个人认为，一方面，国企分不分红，只是资金摆放位置不同。另一方面，企业发展要降低资金成本，不可能采用专款专存，把一笔巨额资金放在账面上不动，然后贷款搞发展搞经营。如果不分红，这笔红利会参与企业的现金流大循环，再创造出更多的红利出来，国家需要用的时候，企业会通过多种融资渠道筹措资金支付给国家。<br /><br /> 　　从根本上讲，国企为国家、为人民、为社会作贡献，是义不容辞的，国企向股东（国家）分红也是作为企业的应尽义务，但是何时分红，分多少比例，或是否暂时不分，则没有定论，需要通盘考虑，区别对待。对整体上市的国企分红要兼顾小股东、股民的利益，按股东会通过的办法该分多少分多少，不可能搞特殊化；对非整体上市的国企则要兼顾国家需要与企业发展，充分考虑资金使用效率最优来确定，而企业分红比例可以从0到100%不等，实行&ldquo;一企一策&rdquo;，不搞一刀切。以2005年中海油收购美国优尼科公司为例，该并购案未通过美国政府的审批，其中有一个原因是中海油的收购资金是国家提供的。设想一下，如果把中海油的红利大幅分掉，过几年又遇到类似情况，则中海油还是会面临自身积累不够的问题。而公益型企业正相反，它们可能需要一定的政府补贴，毕竟该类企业不以盈利为目的。<br /><br /><strong>　　四、关于&ldquo;国进民退&rdquo;问题</strong><br /><br /> 　　2000年以来，关于&ldquo;国进民退&rdquo;的争论成为社会热点，尤其近一两年来争论更加激烈。尽管部分经济领域内国有部门扩张的步伐加快，国有经济在某些基础性行业的集中度越来越高，但这并不意味着中国经济出现了&ldquo;国进民退&rdquo;的重大结构性转变。理由如下：<br /><br /> 　　一是改革开放30多年来，总的发展趋势是&ldquo;国进民更进&rdquo;，民企从无到有，从小到大，尤其2000年以来，民企发展的步伐加快，某些方面的扩张速度远胜于国企。从统计数据来看，2006&mdash;2010年间，私营企业的数量由15万个扩张至27万个，就业人数由1971万增加至3312万，在工业总产值中的比重由21.2%提高至30.5% ；而同期国有企业（不含集体企业和股份合作企业）的数量则由1.5万个缩水至8726个，就业人数由707万降至638万，在工业总产值中的比重也由9.7%下降至8.2%。这很大程度上说明，&ldquo;国进民退&rdquo;这一现象在实际经济数据中难以获得支持。<br /><br /> 　　二是要具体问题具体分析，不宜对&ldquo;国进民退&rdquo;进行简单的优劣评价。对于公益型国企，应在政府主导下在某些领域占据主导地位；对于竞争型国企，则应遵循市场化原则谋生存、求发展。不管国企、民企，只要有利于发展生产力、提高人民生活水平、解决就业、提升国力，都应一视同仁大力发展，不宜出台过多鼓励国企或民企或外企的单独政策，而应多出台一些产业导向的总体政策。总的原则是把各类企业放在同一平台上依法经营，照章纳税，公平竞争，协同发展。<br /><br /> 　　三是经济全球化的今天，企业不论是何种所有制形式，都要自觉把自己放在全球平台上，更要与国内外企业对标，取长补短，只盯着本国国企或民企未免目光短浅，势必在将来的全球化竞争中处于劣势。近年来国际上跨国企业强强联合的现象比比皆是，不论是国企还是民企，都要择机主动出击，以求在激烈的市场竞争中取得主动权。<br /><br /> 　　国企改革是我国经济体制改革的中心环节，对于建立现代企业制度、保证国民经济持续快速健康发展发挥了积极作用。对于改革中出现的一些困难和争论，要本着实事求是的态度，多方思考，认真对待，寻求最有利于企业发展的解决方案。<br /><br /> 　　在多年的企业经营管理实践中，我们看到一些改革的成功案例，也经历了一些失败和挫折，总体而言，推出任何的改革举措，都应该具体情况区别对待，不宜急于求成，不宜一刀切，不宜搞运动式改革，不宜&ldquo;一阵风&rdquo;。唯有实事求是，才能探索出一条真正符合我国国情、符合国企企情的成功改革道路。<br /><br /> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;（本文章摘自2012年《中国党政干部论坛》杂志）</p></div></div><div class="cases_detail2_prev"><ul><li class="news_prev">上一篇：<a href="/new_detail/nid/17292.html" onfocus="blur()">“回顾辉煌历程 喜迎党的十八大”--悦达学习杯读书竞赛活动抽奖颁奖仪式在京举行</a></li><li class="news_next">下一篇：<a href="/new_detail/nid/17290.html" onfocus="blur()">人民日报：加快推进煤炭产业科学发展</a></li><div class="clear"></div></ul></div></div></div></div><div style="clear:both"></div></div></div><section><div class="container"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-12"></div></div></div></section><script>    window.oneallInternalLinkTemplate = {
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