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														2012/05/17</span><span>|</span><span class="red"><i class="fa fa-eye"
                                                            aria-hidden="true"></i>&nbsp;阅读次数：2321</span><div class="clear"></div></div><div class="new_detail15_editor"><p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 今年1月21日，英国《经济学家》杂志集中刊发六篇一组的&ldquo;国家资本主义&rdquo;专栏文章。同月，瑞士达沃斯论坛期间也组织了一场关于资本主义的辩论。这些文章和辩论传播了这样一个基本观点，即中国、俄罗斯、巴西、印度和新加坡等国搞国家资本主义，借助国有全资公司、国有控股或参股公司、国家主权基金以及国家支持的私营公司等，积极并购外国企业，争夺资源。这些国家热衷于自主创新等经济活动，严重威胁到西方&ldquo;自由资本主义&rdquo;。</p><p><br /> 　　乱贴&ldquo;国家资本主义&rdquo;标签，不仅是为新自由主义危机辩护，还有压制竞争对手，创建有利于己的新游戏规则等多重考虑。</p><p><br /> 　　1.借&ldquo;国家资本主义&rdquo;之名，为新自由主义辩护</p><p><br /> 　　&ldquo;国家资本主义&rdquo;论者为转移世人对西方金融危机、债务危机和持续经济危机的视线，试图将危机的成因部分归咎于新兴经济体的&ldquo;国家资本主义&rdquo;。众所周知，国际金融危机的爆发本身已经表明，自由放任的市场经济之路处境艰难，建立在私人占有、资本逐利基础上的垄断资本主义无法应对21世纪经济全球化的良性发展。但在国际金融危机初发的2008年10月，针对国家影响越来越大、市场自我调节作用逐渐萎缩的现实，《经济学家》杂志在《悬崖边的资本主义》一文中还信誓旦旦地表示：尽管在短期内捍卫资本主义需要政府干预，但在过去一个半世纪里，资本主义已经向几十亿人证明了自己的价值；资本主义发达的地区经济繁荣，而它失势的地方则遭受痛苦。不过，现实的发展打破了这一乐观估计，不改革资本主义私有制的政府干预难以从根本上缓解西方社会的危机。</p><p><br /> 　　近年来，被国际舆论称之为&ldquo;欧猪国家&rdquo;的葡萄牙、爱尔兰、意大利、希腊、西班牙接连发生严重的债务危机，预示着欧洲实行的财政紧缩模式难以维系。但&ldquo;国家资本主义&rdquo;论者却说：西方自由资本主义危机恰逢一种强大的新型国家资本主义在新兴市场兴起，自由资本主义的危机因强有力的替代者&mdash;&mdash;&ldquo;国家资本主义&rdquo;的兴起而显得更加严重；国家资本主义在发展中，现金充足，而西方国家危机又给它壮了胆。而现实情况却早已证明，发展较快的&ldquo;金砖国家&rdquo;等不仅没有导致和加剧西方国家危机，恰恰相反，新兴市场国家，特别是中国经济社会的较快发展还在相当程度上拉动了世界经济的复苏，缓解了西方的各种危机。显然，这些论者在羡慕他国发展的同时又加以栽赃，以此掩饰西方国家自身无力缓解危机的窘境。</p><p><br /> 　　西方某些舆论热炒&ldquo;国家资本主义&rdquo;概念的另一层意图，是将西方国家陷入危机归因于自由放任的西方资本主义，而不是私有制占主体这一普遍意义上的资本主义。这种观点，在一些清醒的西方学者眼中是被否定的。兹举一例：尼尔&middot;弗格森在为美国《时代》周刊撰写的《我们都是国家资本主义者》一文中就认为，将中美之间的竞争归结为国家资本主义与自由市场之间的全球制度竞争，过于简单化，也是错误的；中国成功的关键并非在于政府控制经济，而在于自由市场力量；因而必须避免将国家资本主义普遍化，这个概念不比过去马列主义的国家垄断资本主义更好。</p><p><br /> 　　&ldquo;国家资本主义&rdquo;论者试图制造所谓国家资本主义与自由资本主义的矛盾和对立，为新自由主义的政策和恶果辩护，进而继续维护国际垄断资本和各国垄断寡头（尤其是金融垄断寡头）的狭隘利益。他们断言：随着新兴市场国家越来越强大，美国越来越收敛，欧洲从内部分崩离析，二十国集团取代七国集团的位置，中国这个&ldquo;国家资本主义轴心国&rdquo;在意识形态领域正在获得越来越大的优势，中国的经济模式优于美国，将使自由市场原则和信仰受到挑战；国家资本主义在东方的崛起，可能鼓励西方出现效法者，进而使西方公司越来越担忧。实践证明，这种辩护手段难以奏效。目前，占1%的西方大垄断资产阶级推行的新自由主义，不仅受到本国99%人民的反对，而且损害了许多发展中国家的合理权益。为此，广大发展中国家和发达国家的进步舆论要求建立国际经济新秩序的诉求和呼声非常强烈。所谓国家资本主义与自由资本主义之争的背后，是掌握国际经贸规则制定权、话语权的发达国家罔顾这些诉求和呼声的事实。</p><p><br /> 　　2.借&ldquo;国家资本主义&rdquo;之名，阻吓新兴市场国家</p><p><br /> 　　&ldquo;国家资本主义&rdquo;论者列举了所谓国家资本主义的种种弊病，意在阻吓新兴市场国家的人民选择自己发展道路的努力。他们一方面断言，国家资本主义经济发展势头良好，全球最强大企业都是&ldquo;国家资本主义&rdquo;的践行者，另一方面又将&ldquo;国家资本主义&rdquo;定义为这样一个体系，即国家为了政治利益而在市场活动中占据支配地位。他们认为，&ldquo;国家资本主义&rdquo;在全球积极并购外国企业、争夺国际资源、热衷于自主创新等，但它不擅长科技创新，会导致不自由、腐败和最终失败，会对自由市场经济构成危险并危及民主制度。</p><p><br /> 　　&ldquo;国家资本主义&rdquo;论者之一伊恩&middot;布雷默就声称，&ldquo;国家资本主义&rdquo;产生于全球专制政权，其主要目的不是为了制造财富，而是为了确保财富创造不会威胁到统治精英的政治势力；其操纵者惧怕创造性破坏，因此当老的产业消亡，工人失去工作和薪酬时，就会促使公民上街向当局挑战。其用意在于劝说新兴市场国家（特别是&ldquo;金砖国家&rdquo;等）放弃参与制订国际规则和国际惯例的努力，阻止这些国家的良好发展势头。但这也从反面透露出一个信息，即某些发达国家及其利益集团，担心新兴市场国家采取超越新自由主义和凯恩斯主义的有效措施，在合法的国际竞争中快速发展，妨碍发达国家及其利益集团的既得利益。</p><p><br /> 　　&ldquo;国家资本主义&rdquo;论者在给一些新兴市场国家套上&ldquo;国家资本主义&rdquo;帽子时，更着眼于鼓动歧视和遏制独立自主、主持世界公道的国家。他们不顾资本主义危机给世界带来巨大漩涡这一事实，反而大声疾呼&ldquo;国家资本主义&rdquo;给全球经济体系带来所谓复杂棘手的问题，比如确保公平问题、把国有企业当作扩大军事实力的工具等。与之遥相呼应，欧盟就曾暗示它今后可能会阻止中国国有企业收购欧洲公司，其理由是所有国有企业事实上都是某一经济实体的一部分。但具有讽刺意义的是，他们眼中这些所谓的&ldquo;国家资本主义&rdquo;国家，近几十年来根本没有向外强制性输出价值观，中国相对扩大军事实力也是被迫和防御性的。实行金融控制、强权政治、单边主义和新帝国主义政策的真正主体，是在全球推行新自由主义的西方发达国家的国际垄断资本和军工利益集团结合体。它们的存在，才对公正的经济全球化、政治民主化、文化多样化等形成了莫大的挑战。</p><p><br /> 　　3.借&ldquo;国家资本主义&rdquo;之名，曲解中国特色社会主义</p><p><br /> 　　在&ldquo;国家资本主义&rdquo;论者看来，中国市场从属于政府，国有企业离不开国家政权的扶持，即使民营企业也高度依赖政府，因而可以成为&ldquo;国家资本主义&rdquo;的标准样式。他们将中国众多的国有全资公司、国有控股或参股公司作为国家资本主义的一部分，而不是中国特色社会主义市场经济的组成部分，实际上是混淆了社会主义经济和资本主义经济的本质区别。</p><p><br /> 　　中外经济学主流理论认为，资本主义是指生产资料主要属于资本家所有的一种基本经济制度，而社会主义是指生产资料主要属于社会全体成员或部分成员集体所有和合作所有的一种基本经济制度。尽管当今资本主义和社会主义社会均存在多种不同性质的所有制成分，但决定和界定某个社会的经济性质取决于哪种所有制占主体地位。</p><p><br /> 　　现在，《经济学家》杂志的文章一反中外主流经济学的理性共识，热炒&ldquo;国家资本主义&rdquo;，把全球不同所有制和不同经济调节方式的理论和现实问题混淆在一起，在学理上是不能自圆其说的。</p><p><br /> 　　中国特色社会主义经济体制的优势是，在市场发挥基础性调节作用的同时，国家在关键的市场领域和市场环节保持足够的控制力和调节能力。这与西方垄断资本控制国民经济和整个国家、国家予以总体协助和支持的经济模式有着实质性的差异。目前，中国特色社会主义初级阶段实行的是以公有制为主体、多种所有制经济共同发展的基本经济制度，其特点是坚持独立自主与积极参与经济全球化，遵循国际经济规则和国际惯例来实行内外开放和国内外市场竞争。这种制度和机制具有世界共性和国别特性，是符合人类社会进步方向的经济模式和发展道路，其历史作用与巨大成效不是西方舆论用&ldquo;国家资本主义&rdquo;就可以抹煞的。</p><p><br /> 　　（本文章摘自5月17日《人民日报》。）</p></div></div><div class="cases_detail2_prev"><ul><li class="news_prev">上一篇：<a href="/new_detail/nid/17144.html" onfocus="blur()">人民日报：竞争让国企更优秀</a></li><li class="news_next">下一篇：<a href="/new_detail/nid/17142.html" onfocus="blur()">求是：坚定不移地推进国有企业改革发展</a></li><div class="clear"></div></ul></div></div></div></div><div style="clear:both"></div></div></div><section><div class="container"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-12"></div></div></div></section><script>    window.oneallInternalLinkTemplate = {
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		color: #fff;
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		display: none;
		position: absolute;
		min-width: 100%;
		bottom: 100%;
		left: 50%;
		transform: translateX(-50%);
		padding-top: 10px;
		padding-bottom: 5px;
		white-space: nowrap;
		padding-left: 5px;
		padding-right: 5px;
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	.mobile_up dl {
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		flex-direction: column;
	}

	.mobile_up a {
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		line-height: 2;
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	.wx_qrcode {
		position: relative;
	}
	.wx_qrcode img {
		position: absolute;
		left: 0;
		bottom: 50px;
		display: none;
		max-width: 150px;
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