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														2012/04/18</span><span>|</span><span class="red"><i class="fa fa-eye"
                                                            aria-hidden="true"></i>&nbsp;阅读次数：2876</span><div class="clear"></div></div><div class="new_detail15_editor"><p align="center"><img alt="" src="http://www.sasac.gov.cn/n1180/n1271/n20515/n2697206/n14417085.files/n14417161_small.jpg" border="0" /></p><p align="center"><img alt="" src="http://www.sasac.gov.cn/n1180/n1271/n20515/n2697206/n14417085.files/n14417188_small.jpg" border="0" /></p><p align="center">国有企业上缴税金总额年度变化</p><p align="center">&nbsp;<img alt="" src="http://www.sasac.gov.cn/n1180/n1271/n20515/n2697206/n14417085.files/n14417162_small.jpg" border="0" /></p><p align="center">2011年国有企业主要经济指标</p><p align="center">单位：亿元 制图：陈恒</p><p align="center"><strong>引言</strong></p><p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;　如果把中国的经济比作一个人的躯体，那么国有企业就是骨骼，民营企业就是血肉。只有骨骼强健，血肉才能丰满，两者相辅相承，相互促进。在今年的政府工作报告中，温家宝总理谈到改革再次强调&ldquo;两个毫不动摇&rdquo;，即毫不动摇巩固和发展公有制经济，毫不动摇鼓励支持和引导非公有制经济。不久前，本报曾推出以民营经济为主题的《关注小微企业》系列报道，今起推出关注国企发展系列报道，以&ldquo;国企怎么样&rdquo;、&ldquo;国企怎么了&rdquo;、&ldquo;国企怎么办&rdquo;为主题，全方位、多角度地关注和报道国有企业发展变化。</p><p align="center"><strong>&nbsp;核心提示</strong></p><p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;　■在全球性的经济危机面前，中国国企不仅稳定了中国经济，也稳定了世界经济&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;　■如今,在世界500强中，我国央企就有38家。一大批具备国际竞争力的大企业，正在国际经济博弈中拥有话语权&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;　■在众多行业和领域，已形成以国企为支柱、民企为血脉的产业集群，国企与民企共创双赢的局面</p><p>&nbsp;&nbsp;<strong>&nbsp;&nbsp;　</strong>经过30多年的改革发展探索，中国国企浴火重生，在社会主义市场经济舞台上，展示出&ldquo;国家脊梁&rdquo;的风采</p><p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;　&mdash;&mdash;曾经,国企是亏损的代名词，具有机制僵化、冗员众多、效率低下、浪费严重、动力不足等诸多弊端。1994年，我国最大的500家国有企业全年销售收入的总和还不如美国通用汽车公司一家的销售收入。</p><p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;　&mdash;&mdash;如今，大型国企特别是央企是活力的代名词，越来越多的中国央企走出国门，活跃在国际经济舞台上，用骄人的业绩演绎了&ldquo;大象快跑的故事&rdquo;，提升了中国的整体经济实力和竞争力。在2011年公布的世界500强企业中，中央企业已有38家上榜。</p><p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;　&nbsp;&ldquo;在并无成功经验可以借鉴的情况下，我国的国企改革发展走出了自己的道路，成为真正的市场竞争主体，取得了巨大成就。&rdquo;国资委副主任邵宁表示。&nbsp;</p><p align="center"><strong>&nbsp;国企在改制中焕然一新</strong></p><p>　&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;事非经过不知难。&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</p><p>　　作为汽车工业的元老企业，一汽曾是我国大型国有企业的典范，大工业的工厂规模、大批量的生产方式、大一统的工作秩序，在当时不知羡煞了多少企业。</p><p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;　然而，&ldquo;大块头&rdquo;也会成为大包袱。沉重的社会负担、僵化的机制、落后的生产设备&hellip;&hellip;国有企业不仅自身缺乏良性发展的机制，低下的效率使其在市场上甚至没有能力与乡镇企业竞争。</p><p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;　&nbsp;谈及当时国企的困难，宝钢集团董事长徐乐江深有感触：&ldquo;1993年，宝钢人均钢产量200吨，而国际水平是600吨，沉重的人员负担，制约着劳动生产率的提高。&rdquo;</p><p>&nbsp;&nbsp;　&nbsp;&nbsp;在最困难的1998年，5.8万户国有企业中有三分之二以上亏损，国有及国有控股亏损企业亏损额为近千亿元。国企改革也因此被称作&ldquo;最难啃的骨头&rdquo;。&nbsp;&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;从上世纪90年代末到21世纪初，在由计划经济向市场经济转型的过程中，许多国有企业都在市场竞争的&ldquo;洗礼&rdquo;中经历了阵痛。寻求更加深刻的制度变革，成为国企改革的时代要求。</p><p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;　从1994年开始，按照&ldquo;产权清晰、权责明确、政企分开、管理科学&rdquo;的要求，现代企业制度试点在100家企业推进。经过不断改革探索，国有企业从承包制走向股份制。中国政法大学教授江平说：&ldquo;从国有财产到国有资本的变化，国有企业改制找到了正确的方向，发生了根本性的变化。&rdquo;</p><p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;　江平说，通过建立现代企业制度，不仅让国有企业真正成为自主经营、自负盈亏的市场主体，更探索出一条公有制与市场经济有机结合的具体途径。到2000年，国有大中型骨干企业80%以上初步建立起现代企业制度。&nbsp;</p><p align="center"><strong>&nbsp;国企发挥中流砥柱作用</strong></p><p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;　再不是负债累累、困难重重，如今的国有企业已是行业的排头兵、国民经济的支柱力量，在维护经济社会稳定、完成宏观调控目标、承担各种急难险重任务等方面，国有企业始终发挥着中流砥柱的作用。</p><p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;　国际金融危机给中国经济带来巨大冲击。保增长促经济回升，中央企业是中流砥柱；保民生履行社会责任，中央企业同样坚定不移。</p><p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;　在最困难的2008年，中央企业利润同比下降30.8%，但上交税金不降反升，达到10426亿元，同比增长18.6%。大部分中央企业在严峻的形势下，承诺并切实做到了&ldquo;企业不裁员，员工基本收入有保障&rdquo;。据不完全统计，中央企业2009年主动招收应届毕业生20多万人，比2008年增长7%。</p><p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;　中国人民大学经济学院教授张宇说：&ldquo;可以说，以央企为代表的国有企业稳定了中国经济，中国经济又稳定了世界经济。&rdquo;</p><p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;　今年的政府工作报告也强调，深入推进国有经济战略性调整，完善国有资本有进有退、合理流动机制。研究推进铁路、电力等行业改革。完善和落实促进非公有制经济发展的各项政策措施，打破垄断，放宽准入。</p><p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;　事实上，国企正在做到&ldquo;有进有退&rdquo;、&ldquo;有所为有所不为&rdquo;。</p><p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;　&mdash;&mdash;首先，从数量上，国有企业的数量虽然在减少，但国有经济的整体素质和竞争力大大增强。从2002年到2010年，全国国企数量平均每年减少7500家左右，但同时，销售收入年均增长18%，国企利润年均增长23%。从2003年到2010年，中央企业数从196户减少到129户；资产总额从7.13万亿元增加到24.3万亿元。</p><p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;　&mdash;&mdash;其次，在分布范围上，&ldquo;十一五&rdquo;以来，国有资本逐步向关系国家安全和国民经济命脉的重要行业和关键领域集中，国有经济的比重在降低，但综合实力、影响力、控制力大大增强。</p><p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;一批长期亏损、资不抵债和资源枯竭的国有企业通过政策性关闭破产退出市场，一批国有中小企业通过改组、联合、兼并、租赁等多种形式，进行了放开搞活。&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;　&nbsp;&mdash;&mdash;此外，国有经济布局结构不断优化。中央企业进行了多次重组，企业户数从196家减少到现在的118家，全国共有1299家国有大中型企业实施主辅分离辅业改制。布局的优化为科技创新资源向重点企业集中提供了条件。</p><p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;　三峡工程、青藏铁路、奥运场馆建设等重大项目建设凝聚了国有企业技术创新成果，&ldquo;神舟&rdquo;系列载人航天、嫦娥一号绕月探测和&ldquo;歼十飞机&rdquo;工程等更成为自主创新、集成创新的典范。</p><p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;　从东部到中西部，从国内到海外，国有企业犹如一支支雄师，在地球各个角落响起进军的号角。20世纪全球十大建筑之一的香港新机场、世界最高钢筋混凝土建筑俄罗斯联邦大厦等一批高难度、标志性建筑&ldquo;作品&rdquo;上，镌刻着中国企业的名字：中交集团、中冶集团、中国中铁、中国铁建&hellip;&hellip;</p><p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;　&nbsp;据国资委2010年底公布的数据，央企在走出去进行跨国经营的国内企业中的比重占到70%，共有海外企业和机构5900多家，资产总额达到4万多亿元，接近央企总资产的1/5，实现利润占央企利润总额的1/3。</p><p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;　&nbsp;梦想的火种，正在绽放最激情最绚烂的烈焰。2002年至2011年，进入世界500强的中央企业从6家增加到38家。另有数据显示，在绩效指标方面，中国已有1/3的行业领先企业赶上或超过世界企业500强。</p><p align="center"><strong>&nbsp;国企强则国家强</strong></p><p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;　国有经济能否发挥好主导作用，必须放在当今经济全球化的大背景下考虑。拥有了一大批具备国际竞争力的大企业，才能在国际竞争中有话语权。</p><p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;　&nbsp;&ldquo;从全球看，与跨国公司相比我国企业规模普遍偏小，行业集中度偏低，缺乏影响力和话语权。&rdquo;邵宁说。</p><p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;　&nbsp;举例来说，宝钢集团营业收入只约为欧洲最大的钢铁生产商安赛乐米塔尔公司的44%，中航工业集团的营业收入只为美国波音公司的37%。而在高科技产业最具代表性的飞机制造业中，波音公司和欧洲空客公司生产的客机占据世界民航机市场的近90%。</p><p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;　&nbsp;邵宁表示，当前，加快培育具有国际竞争力的世界一流大企业，增强在全球产业发展中的影响力和话语权，是维护我国的经济安全的当务之急。</p><p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;　&nbsp;国企做大、做强、做优，是从深刻历史教训中寻找到的正确答案。俄罗斯当年全部私有化，导致列宁称之为&ldquo;国家脊梁&rdquo;的国有企业都没有了，导致整个工业体系的分崩离析,工业基础至今未能恢复。</p><p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;　&nbsp;清华大学国情研究中心主任胡鞍钢为此解释说，&ldquo;我们自己的老国有企业可能因为老体制生锈了，你可以给它除除锈，改革机制，卸掉包袱，让它向新型企业转变，但绝对不能把它变成私营企业。我们要把国家经济的脊梁真正培养起来。&rdquo;</p><p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;　&nbsp;&ldquo;国有经济必须在战略性、高技术竞争性领域占优势和主导地位,应理直气壮地做强做大国有骨干企业。&rdquo;国家发改委国有资产研究中心主任高梁表示,对待现存的国有骨干企业，不是&ldquo;要不要保留&rdquo;的问题，而是&ldquo;必须保留，如何搞好&rdquo;的问题。他认为,要把发挥民营企业微观活力，和国有大企业在经济命脉和战略产业的支柱稳定作用结合起来。事实上，人们注意到，在众多国有企业为主的区域内，已经形成国企为支柱、民企为血脉的产业集群；在一些领域内，国企与民企共赢，创造着中国的发展奇迹；而在更多的领域，国企的退出，则为民企的发展创造了更大的空间。</p><p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;　&nbsp;高梁表示，当代科技和高科技产业的国际竞争，表面上是跨国公司间的竞争，实际上是国家间的竞争。所以，在关系国家安全与经济命脉的重要产业和关键领域保持国有经济的控制力，既是出于社会主义原则的要求，也是出于国家战略的需要。特别是其中的大型骨干国有企业，是维护国家经济、科技、国防安全的基础，是国家财政收入和民生建设的支撑，是以自主创新支撑经济结构优化升级的经济基础。</p><p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;　&nbsp;国企做大、做优、做强，必须经得起市场检验。国务院国有资产监督管理委员会主任王勇提出，每一家央企都应该做到&ldquo;四强四优&rdquo;。&ldquo;四强&rdquo;就是自主创新能力强、资源配置能力强、风险管控能力强、人才队伍强；&ldquo;四优&rdquo;就是经营业绩优、公司治理优、布局结构优、企业形象优。&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;　&nbsp;尽管如此，国企大而不强，还面临着缺少有国际影响力的品牌、缺少尖端核心技术等问题。&ldquo;培育一批具有国际竞争力的世界一流企业&rdquo;成为国企发展的战略目标。肩负着发展重任，承载着民族梦想，国有经济一定能继续创造出新的辉煌，中国企业一定会跻身于世界强手之林。　　（本文章选自《光明日报》）</p></div></div><div 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